1. General examination
(1) Urine volume: 20-40 ml/kg/day for dogs, 22-30 ml/kg/day for cats, abnormal urine volume.
1. Polyuria is more common in the following diseases
(1) Endocrine diseases: such as diabetes, primary hyperparathyroidism, and primary aldosterone.
(2) Renal diseases: such as chronic pyelonephritis, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic tubular failure.
(3) Mental polyuria: mostly caused by mental factors, such as high pressure and too much work pressure.
2. Oliguria or anuria is common in the following diseases
(1) Renal diseases: such as acute glomerulonephritis, acute attacks of chronic nephritis, acute renal failure, etc.
(2) Shock, severe dehydration or electrolyte disorders caused by various reasons, or urinary tract obstruction caused by various reasons.
(2) Color: Normal fresh urine dogs are light yellow, and cats are yellow transparent liquid. After a period of time, a micro-floc precipitation can be seen. The color of urine is often related to food, medication and urine volume. Common urine with abnormal colors are as follows:—
1. Red urine contains a certain amount of red blood cells. When the urine is red, it is medically called hematuria. Commonly found in renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, renal or urinary stones, acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, etc. It is also seen in hemorrhagic diseases, such as thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, etc. Note: When taking pigments, medications, etc. It can also cause red urine, so it should be carefully identified.
2. Soy sauce or strong tea color is common in the transfusion reactions of soy disease, black urine fever, acute hepatitis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and blood type inconsistency.
(3) Odor
After normal urine is stored for a long time, an ammonia odor may appear due to decomposition of urea. If there is an ammonia smell when the urine is excreted, chronic cystitis or chronic urinary retention is often suffered from. If the urine has an apple odor, it is more common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, eating certain foods, such as garlic and onions, can also give urine a special smell.
2. Routine urine examination
(1) Origin of urinary gallbladder
Normal reference value: Positive value
Directal biliary agents are only a small amount under physiological conditions, and slightly increase during hunger, after meals, exercise, etc. However, if the urine is diluted more than 4 times and is still positive, it means that the urine is enhanced in biliary effect and is a pathological indication.
Increased urinary tract stones are common in the following diseases: - liver function impairment, such as liver disease and heart failure.
Hyperbilirubinemia and bile duct patency are common in patients with internal bleeding or various hemolytic diseases.
The intestinal absorption of urocholine is increased, which is more common in patients with refractory constipation and intestinal obstruction.
negative, seen in obstructive jaundice.
(2)Uribilirubin
Normal reference value:
Negative (-)
Clinical significance: Uribilirubin examination is an important test for displaying hepatocyte injury and identifying jaundice. Positive: obstructive jaundice caused by cholelithiasis, biliary tumors, biliary ascariasis, pancreatic head cancer, etc. As well as hepatocyte jaundice caused by liver cancer, cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte necrosis, etc. Negative: Hemolytic jaundice is a negative reaction. When liver and obstructive jaundice are combined with severe renal injury, urobilirubin is negative.
(3) Normal reference value of ketone body: Negative (-) Clinical significance: Positive, found in diabetes, acidosis, vomiting during pregnancy, ejaculation, diarrhea, poisoning, typhoid fever, measles, scarlet fever, pneumonia, sepsis, acute rheumatism fever, acute miliary pulmonary nodules, convulsions, etc. In addition, hunger, excessive fat and protein intake after childbirth can also be positive.
(4) Normal reference value for occult blood: Negative
(5) Protein
Normal reference value: Negative
Positive clinical significance: seen in various acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, multiple myeloma, renal transplantation, nephrotic syndrome caused by various causes, etc.
Urinary system infections: such as pyelonephritis, cystitis or renal tuberculosis;
Other diseases: such as cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, sepsis, leukemia, etc.
In addition, damage to tubular epithelial cells by drug, mercury and mercury poisoning can also be considered positive.